How to format your references using the Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hastings A. Metapopulation persistence with age-dependent disturbance or succession. Science. 2003 Sep 12;301(5639):1525–6.

A journal article with 2 authors

Berenbaum MR, Eisner T. Ecology. Bugs’ bugs. Science. 2008 Oct 3;322(5898):52–3.

A journal article with 3 authors

Thomas AM, Nadeau RM, Bürgmann R. Tremor-tide correlations and near-lithostatic pore pressure on the deep San Andreas fault. Nature. 2009 Dec 24;462(7276):1048–51.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Nan T, Liu M, Ren W, Ye ZG, Sun NX. Voltage control of metal-insulator transition and non-volatile ferroelastic switching of resistance in VOx/PMN-PT heterostructures. Sci Rep. 2014 Aug 4;4:5931.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Brown H, Prescott R. Applied Mixed Models in Medicine. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014.

An edited book

Woodall J. The Surgions Mate: The First Compendium on Naval Medicine, Surgery and Drug Therapy (London 1617). Edited and Annotated by Irmgard Müller. Müller I, editor. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. VI, 343 p. 152 illus., 148 illus. in color. (Classic Texts in the Sciences).

A chapter in an edited book

Pettigrew S, Jongenelis MI. Promoting Public Health: Understanding the Limitations of Marketing Principles and the Need for Alternative Approaches. In: Plewa C, Conduit J, editors. Making a Difference Through Marketing: A Quest for Diverse Perspectives. Singapore: Springer; 2016. p. 61–72.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.

Blog post

Hale T. Two Oddly Adorable Baby Flamingos Are Welcomed To Columbus Zoo [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/two-oddly-adorable-baby-flamingos-are-welcomed-to-columbus-zoo/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Charter Schools: To Enhance Education’s Monitoring and Research, More Charter School-Level Data Are Needed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2005 Jan. Report No.: GAO-05-5.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Svarda D. Man 2 Man [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Brantley B. Too Shocking for Midtown in the 1920s. New York Times. 2017 Apr 19;C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
Abbreviation	J. AAPOS
ISSN (print)	1091-8531
ISSN (online)	1528-3933
Scope	Ophthalmology Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health