How to format your references using the Journal of Echocardiography citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Echocardiography. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Trenberth KE. Climatology (communication arising): rural land-use change and climate. Nature. 2004;427:213; discussion 214.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Bergman A, Siegal ML. Evolutionary capacitance as a general feature of complex gene networks. Nature. 2003;424:549–52.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Fu Y, Xu Y, Chen H. Additional modes in a waveguide system of zero-index-metamaterials with defects. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6428.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Garaycoechea JI, Crossan GP, Langevin F, Mulderrig L, Louzada S, Yang F, et al. Alcohol and endogenous aldehydes damage chromosomes and mutate stem cells. Nature. 2018;553:171–7.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Shanmugam R, Chattamvelli R. Statistics for Scientists and Engineers. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2015.

An edited book

1. Chekroun MD. Stochastic Parameterizing Manifolds and Non-Markovian Reduced Equations: Stochastic Manifolds for Nonlinear SPDEs II. Liu H, Wang S, editors. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Waldron S. Group Frames. In: Casazza PG, Kutyniok G, editors. Finite Frames: Theory and Applications. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser; 2013. p. 171–91.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Echocardiography.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. This Technique Could Allow Us To Harvest Water From Asteroids [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. https://www.iflscience.com/space/technique-could-allow-us-harvest-water-asteroids/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Department of Homeland Security: Oversight and Coordination of Research and Development Efforts Could Be Strengthened. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2013 Jul. Report No.: GAO-13-766T.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Boerger EM. Natural regeneration dynamics of red oak seedlings in Mississippi bottomland forests [Doctoral dissertation]. [Mississippi State, MS]: Mississippi State University; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Greenhouse L. The Supreme Court’s Death Trap. New York Times. 2015 Apr 1;A23.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Echocardiography
Abbreviation	J. Echocardiogr.
ISSN (print)	1349-0222
ISSN (online)	1880-344X
Scope	Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging