How to format your references using the Journal of Geographical Systems citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Geographical Systems. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Onnela J-PJP (2014) Physics. Flow of control in networks. Science 343:1325–1326

A journal article with 2 authors

Regev A, Shapiro E (2002) Cells as computation. Nature 419:343

A journal article with 3 authors

Jones MH, Bewsher D, Brown DS (2013) Imaging of a circumsolar dust ring near the orbit of Venus. Science 342:960–963

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Agrawal A, Lingappa J, Leppla SH, et al (2003) Impairment of dendritic cells and adaptive immunity by anthrax lethal toxin. Nature 424:329–334

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Krause TR (2005) Leading with Safety. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Ford JB, Honeycutt ED Jr (eds) (2015) Proceedings of the 1998 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Hammoudeh S, Sari R (2014) Forcing Variables in the Dynamics of Risk Spillovers in Oil-Related CDS Sectors, Equity, Bond and Oil Markets and Volatility Market Risks. In: Ramos S, Veiga H (eds) The Interrelationship Between Financial and Energy Markets. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 113–140

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Geographical Systems.

Blog post

Carpineti A (2016) Neutrino Beam Experiment Could Explain A Fundamental Problem With The Universe. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/physics/neutrino-beam-experiment-could-explain-a-fundamental-problem-with-the-universe/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1969) Education Allowance Grants Made to Trust Territory Government Employees. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Hoover JH (2009) The Arizona water-energy nexus: Electricity for water and wastewater services. Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Ziegler M (2016) Where the Pro-Life Movement Goes Next. New York Times SR3

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Onnela 2014).
This sentence cites two references (Regev and Shapiro 2002; Onnela 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Regev and Shapiro 2002)
Three or more authors: (Agrawal et al. 2003)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Geographical Systems
Abbreviation	J. Geogr. Syst.
ISSN (print)	1435-5930
ISSN (online)	1435-5949
Scope	Earth-Surface Processes Geography, Planning and Development