How to format your references using the Journal of Infrastructure Systems citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Infrastructure Systems. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Sheffield, C. 2000. “The new laureate speaks.” Nature, 404 (6778): 549.

A journal article with 2 authors

Goldstein, J. L., and M. S. Brown. 2012. “History of science. A golden era of Nobel laureates.” Science (New York, N.Y.), 338 (6110): 1033–1034.

A journal article with 3 authors

Reichman, O. J., M. B. Jones, and M. P. Schildhauer. 2011. “Challenges and opportunities of open data in ecology.” Science (New York, N.Y.), 331 (6018): 703–705.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Tou, W. I., S.-S. Chang, C.-C. Lee, and C. Y.-C. Chen. 2013. “Drug design for neuropathic pain regulation from traditional Chinese medicine.” Scientific reports, 3: 844.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Johnson, A. 2014. Small Animal Pathology for Veterinary Technicians. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Krempels, K.-H., and A. Stocker, eds. 2014. Web Information Systems and Technologies: 9th International Conference, WEBIST 2013, Aachen, Germany, May 8-10, 2013, Revised Selected Papers. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Shi, S., and H. Zhang. 2012. “Policy Perspective on Science Popularization in China.” Science Communication in the World: Practices, Theories and Trends, edited by B. Schiele, M. Claessens, and S. Shi, 81–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Infrastructure Systems.

Blog post

Andrew, D. 2016. “How Tiny Black Spots Shed Light On Part Of The Homo Naledi Mystery.” IFLScience. IFLScience. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/how-tiny-black-spots-shed-light-on-part-of-the-homo-naledi-mystery/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1988. Financial Markets: Status of Computer Improvements at the New York Stock Exchange. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Crawford, M. J. 2009. “Empire’s experts: The politics of knowledge in Spain’s royal monopoly of quina (1751–1808).” Doctoral dissertation, University of California San Diego.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly, S. 1978. “The Canadiens; and Soul Hockey No Politics on Ice Flyers a Different Breed.” New York Times, April 9, 1978.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Sheffield 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Goldstein and Brown 2012; Sheffield 2000).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Goldstein and Brown 2012)
Three or more authors: (Tou et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Infrastructure Systems
Abbreviation	J. Infrastruct. Syst.
ISSN (print)	1076-0342
ISSN (online)	1943-555X
Scope	Civil and Structural Engineering