How to format your references using the Journal of Morphology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Morphology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Stern, P. (2012). Depression. Defeating the dementors. Introduction. Science (New York, N.Y.), 338, 67.

A journal article with 2 authors

Frey, B. J., & Dueck, D. (2007). Clustering by passing messages between data points. Science (New York, N.Y.), 315, 972–976.

A journal article with 3 authors

Poon, V. Y., Klassen, M. P., & Shen, K. (2008). UNC-6/netrin and its receptor UNC-5 locally exclude presynaptic components from dendrites. Nature, 455, 669–673.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Bates, A. E., Helmuth, B., Burrows, M. T., Duncan, M. I., Garrabou, J., Guy-Haim, T., … Rilov, G. (2018). Biologists ignore ocean weather at their peril. Nature, 560, 299–301.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Joseph, C. (2013). Advanced Credit Risk Analysis and Management. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Wang, C., Gerdes, R. M., Guan, Y., & Kasera, S. K. (Eds.). (2016). Digital Fingerprinting. New York, NY: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Cheptsov, A., & Huang, Z. (2013). Making Web-Scale Semantic Reasoning More Service-Oriented: The Large Knowledge Collider. In A. Haller, G. Huang, Z. Huang, H.-Y. Paik, & Q. Z. Sheng (Eds.), Web Information Systems Engineering – WISE 2011 and 2012 Workshops: Combined WISE 2011 and WISE 2012 Workshops, Sydney Australia, October 12-14, 2011 and Paphos, Cyprus, November 28-30, 2012, Revised Selected Papers (pp. 13–26). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Morphology.

Blog post

O`Callaghan, J. (2017, April 6). The Little Ice Age Was Very, Very Little.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (2004). Air Traffic Control: FAA Needs to Ensure Better Coordination When Approving Air Traffic Control Systems (No. GAO-05-11). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Moble, B. (2010). Fundamental understanding of the cycloidal-rotor concept for micro air vehicle applications (Doctoral dissertation). University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Dominus, I. by S. (2014, January 24). ‘My Moves Speak for Themselves.’ New York Times, p. MM10.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Stern, 2012).
This sentence cites two references (Frey & Dueck, 2007; Stern, 2012).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Frey & Dueck, 2007)
Three authors: (Poon, Klassen, & Shen, 2008)
6 or more authors: (Bates et al., 2018)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Morphology
Abbreviation	J. Morphol.
ISSN (print)	0362-2525
ISSN (online)	1097-4687
Scope	Animal Science and Zoology Developmental Biology