How to format your references using the Journal of Optometry citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Optometry. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Barnes DKA. Biodiversity: invasions by marine life on plastic debris. Nature. 2002;416(6883):808-809.

A journal article with 2 authors

Liu Z, Herbert TD. High-latitude influence on the eastern equatorial Pacific climate in the early Pleistocene epoch. Nature. 2004;427(6976):720-723.

A journal article with 3 authors

Wild G, Gardner A, West SA. Adaptation and the evolution of parasite virulence in a connected world. Nature. 2009;459(7249):983-986.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Clément G, Ahlberg PE, Blieck A, et al. Palaeogeography: Devonian tetrapod from western Europe. Nature. 2004;427(6973):412-413.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Prud’Homme R. Flows and Chemical Reactions in Homogeneous Mixtures. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

Dudin A, Turck KD, eds. Analytical and Stochastic Modeling Techniques and Applications: 20th International Conference, ASMTA 2013, Ghent, Belgium, July 8-10, 2013. Proceedings. Vol 7984. Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Hsu KS, Lin MT, Tong CJ. The Measurement of Cyclic Creep Behavior in Copper Thin Film Using Microtensile Testing. In: Proulx T, ed. MEMS and Nanotechnology, Volume 4: Proceedings of the 2011 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series. Springer; 2011:31-38.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Optometry.

Blog post

Andrew E. The Low-Down On ‘Cold And Flu’ Tablets. IFLScience. May 8, 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Airport Finance: Using Airport Grant Funds for Security Projects Has Affected Some Development Projects. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2002.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Peto J. A Defense of Donald Davidson’s Dissolution to the Problem of Global Skepticism. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

LaFRANIERE S, Porat D, Armendariz A. Unending but Unheard, the Echo of Gun Violence. New York Times. May 22, 2016:A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Optometry
Abbreviation	J. Optom.
ISSN (print)	1888-4296
Scope	Optometry