How to format your references using the Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Quackenbush J. Genomics. Microarrays--guilt by association. Science. 2003 Oct 10;302(5643):240–1.

A journal article with 2 authors

Cho SW, Chang HY. Genomics: CRISPR engineering turns on genes. Nature. 2015 Jan 29;517(7536):560–2.

A journal article with 3 authors

Post DM, Pace ML, Hairston NG Jr. Ecosystem size determines food-chain length in lakes. Nature. 2000 Jun 29;405(6790):1047–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Hulot FD, Lacroix G, Lescher-Moutoué F, Loreau M. Functional diversity governs ecosystem response to nutrient enrichment. Nature. 2000 May 18;405(6784):340–4.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cooper N, Forrest K, Cramp P. Essential Guide to Acute Care. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2008.

An edited book

Bationo A, Waswa B, Kihara J, Adolwa I, Vanlauwe B, Saidou K, editors. Lessons learned from Long-term Soil Fertility Management Experiments in Africa. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2012. VIII, 204 p.

A chapter in an edited book

Kearney MS. Coastal Risk Versus Vulnerability in an Uncertain Sea Level Future. In: Finkl CW, editor. Coastal Hazards. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2013. p. 101–15. (Coastal Research Library).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research.

Blog post

Andrew E. Packaging-Free Supermarket Coming to Germany. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Evaluation and the Research Process. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1979 Oct. Report No.: 094329.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

McKinney S. An analysis of the influence of No Child Left Behind and Arizona Learns on middle -school principal leadership behaviors and responsibilities [Doctoral dissertation]. [Tucson, AZ]: University of Arizona; 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Pilon M. Judges of a Graceful Sport, Caught in a Clumsy Cheating Scandal. New York Times. 2013 Jul 17;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research
Abbreviation	J. Pharm. Pr. Res.
ISSN (print)	1445-937X
Scope	Pharmacology (medical) Pharmacy