How to format your references using the Journal of the American Philosophical Association citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of the American Philosophical Association. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Muddiman, David C. (2011) ‘Retrospective. John Bennett Fenn (1917-2010)’. Science (New York, N.Y.), 331, 160.

A journal article with 2 authors

Mesterton-Gibbons, Michael & Adams, Eldridge S. (2002) ‘Behavioral ecology. The economics of animal cooperation’. Science (New York, N.Y.), 298, 2146–2147.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lim, May, Metzler, Richard & Bar-Yam, Yaneer. (2007) ‘Global pattern formation and ethnic/cultural violence’. Science (New York, N.Y.), 317, 1540–1544.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Borovikova, L. V., Ivanova, S., Zhang, M., Yang, H., Botchkina, G. I., Watkins, L. R., Wang, H., Abumrad, N., Eaton, J. W. & Tracey, K. J. (2000) ‘Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin’. Nature, 405, 458–462.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Sillar, Keith T., Picton, Laurence D. & Heitler, William J. (2016) The Neuroethology of Predation and Escape. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Pfeiffer, Ronald F. & Bodis-Wollner, Ivan (eds.). (2013) Parkinson’s Disease and Nonmotor Dysfunction. Second Edition. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.

A chapter in an edited book

Torri, Maria Costanza & Herrmann, Thora Martina. (2011) ‘Ethnomedicine, Capacity Development, and Innovation System Through GMCL’. In Thora Martina Herrmann (ed.). Bridges Between Tradition and Innovation in Ethnomedicine: Fostering Local Development Through Community-Based Enterprises in India (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands), 121–143.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of the American Philosophical Association.

Blog post

Andrew, Elise. (2015) ‘Holding Out For “The One” Makes Evolutionary Sense, Suggests Lovebirds Study’. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1979) ‘GAO’s Need for an Interim Management Data System (MDS)’.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Williamson, Kristen M. (2010) The effects of communist policies, the democratic transition, and EU accession on gender equality in Germany and the Czech Republic. Washington, DC: George Washington University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Leland, John. (2017) ‘Living the Bike Life’. New York Times, MB7.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Muddiman 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Mesterton-Gibbons & Adams 2002; Muddiman 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Mesterton-Gibbons & Adams 2002)
Three or more authors: (Borovikova et al. 2000)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of the American Philosophical Association
ISSN (print)	2053-4477
ISSN (online)	2053-4485
Scope