How to format your references using the Landscape Ecology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Landscape Ecology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Maddox J (2003) Obituary: Edward Teller (1908-2003). Nature 425:362–363

A journal article with 2 authors

Brown LS, Lankford WF (2015) Sustainability: Clean cooking empowers women. Nature 521:284–285

A journal article with 3 authors

Psaltis D, Quake SR, Yang C (2006) Developing optofluidic technology through the fusion of microfluidics and optics. Nature 442:381–386

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Xie W-Z, Yan C, Ying X-Y, et al (2014) Domain-specific hedonic deficits towards social affective but not monetary incentives in social anhedonia. Sci Rep 4:4056

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Sedivy J, Carlson G (2011) Sold on Language. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Butler M, Schewe K-D, Mashkoor A, Biro M (eds) (2016) Abstract State Machines, Alloy, B, TLA, VDM, and Z: 5th International Conference, ABZ 2016, Linz, Austria, May 23-27, 2016, Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Herrington J (2008) Flex and AIR: Taking Applications to the Desktop. In: Herrington J, Elrom E, Mostafa J (eds) AdvancED Flex 3. Apress, Berkeley, CA, pp 181–206

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Landscape Ecology.

Blog post

Davis J (2017) Doctors Discover How To Manipulate Wounds To Regenerate Into Skin Rather Than Scar Tissue. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/doctors-discover-how-to-manipulate-wounds-to-regenerate-into-skin-rather-than-scar-tissue/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2004) Aviation Security: Improvement still Needed in Federal Aviation Security Efforts. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Davidson AO (2009) Observing action research processes in practice. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Dorman JL (2017) How the Writer Cathy Salustri Found ‘Old Flordia.’ New York Times TR2

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Maddox 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Maddox 2003; Brown and Lankford 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Brown and Lankford 2015)
Three or more authors: (Xie et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Landscape Ecology
Abbreviation	Landsc. Ecol.
ISSN (print)	0921-2973
ISSN (online)	1572-9761
Scope	Ecology Nature and Landscape Conservation Geography, Planning and Development