How to format your references using the Life Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Life Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

M. Geha, Galaxy formation: Gone with the wind?, Nature 463 (2010) 167–168.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

E. Noor, R. Milo, Evolution. Efficiency in evolutionary trade-offs, Science 336 (2012) 1114–1115.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

F. Meng, K.P. McGrath, A.H. Hoveyda, Multifunctional organoboron compounds for scalable natural product synthesis, Nature 513 (2014) 367–374.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

S.E. Bassett, G.A. Milne, J.X. Mitrovica, P.U. Clark, Ice sheet and solid Earth influences on far-field sea-level histories, Science 309 (2005) 925–928.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

J. De Spiegeleer, W. Schoutens, C. Van Hulle, The Handbook of Hybrid Securities, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2014.

An edited book

[1]

N.-Y. Chong, Y.-J. Cho, eds., Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems: The 12th International Symposium, Springer Japan, Tokyo, 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

K. Murad, S. Saahar@Saabar, A. Abdul Halim, Does Cuteness Sell? A Content Analytic Study of Children Portrayal in Press Advertisement, in: R. Hashim, A.B. Abdul Majeed (Eds.), Proceedings of the Colloquium on Administrative Science and Technology: CoAST 2013, Springer, Singapore, 2015: pp. 29–40.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Life Sciences.

Blog post

[1]

E. Andrew, Fire In The Sky: The Southern Lights In Indigenous Oral Traditions, IFLScience (2015). https://www.iflscience.com/environment/fire-sky-southern-lights-indigenous-oral-traditions/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Federal White-Collar Special Rate Program, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1984.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

L.A. May, Teacher compensation and the academic achievement of high school students, Doctoral dissertation, Lindenwood University, 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

J. Poniewozik, A Buzzkill of a Pot Comedy, New York Times (2017) C9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Life Sciences
Abbreviation	Life Sci.
ISSN (print)	0024-3205
Scope	General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology General Medicine General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics