How to format your references using the Liverpool Law Review citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Liverpool Law Review. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Quaas, Johannes. 2009. Atmosphere. Smoke and climate change. Science (New York, N.Y.) 325: 153–154.

A journal article with 2 authors

Sahin, Mustafa, and Mriganka Sur. 2015. Genes, circuits, and precision therapies for autism and related neurodevelopmental disorders. Science (New York, N.Y.) 350.

A journal article with 3 authors

Nader, K., G. E. Schafe, and J. E. Le Doux. 2000. Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature 406: 722–726.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Zhang, Xiaohui, Kenneth Halvorsen, Cheng-Zhong Zhang, Wesley P. Wong, and Timothy A. Springer. 2009. Mechanoenzymatic cleavage of the ultralarge vascular protein von Willebrand factor. Science (New York, N.Y.) 324: 1330–1334.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Stuart, Barbara. 2012. Forensic Analytical Techniques: Stuart/Forensic Analytical Techniques. Analytical Techniques in the Sciences. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Gross, Dietmar. 2011. Engineering Mechanics 3: Dynamics. Edited by Werner Hauger, Jörg Schröder, Wolfgang Wall, and Sanjay Govindjee. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Miglinaitė, Raimonda. 2015. Global Civil Society as a Humanitarian Actor: Constituting a Right of Humanitarian Assistance. In The Humanitarian Challenge: 20 Years European Network on Humanitarian Action (NOHA), ed. Pat Gibbons and Hans-Joachim Heintze, 71–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Liverpool Law Review.

Blog post

Davis, Josh. 2016. Zika Virus Detected In Sperm For A Record Six Months After Infection. IFLScience. IFLScience. August 15.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2009. Freight Rail Security: Actions Have Been Taken to Enhance Security, but the Federal Strategy Can Be Strengthened and Security Efforts Better Monitored. GAO-09-243. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Dodge, Tyler. 2009. The effects of interactivity and visual realism on children’s cognitive empathy toward narrative characters. Doctoral dissertation, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hubbard, Ben. 2016. Saudi Prince Is Executed for Murder. New York Times, October 18.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Quaas 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Quaas 2009; Sahin and Sur 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Sahin and Sur 2015)
Three or more authors: (Zhang et al. 2009)

About the journal

Full journal title	Liverpool Law Review
Abbreviation	Liverp. Law Rev.
ISSN (print)	0144-932X
ISSN (online)	1572-8625
Scope	Law