How to format your references using the Mathematical Medicine and Biology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Mathematical Medicine and Biology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Shlesinger, M.F. (2000) Statistical mechanics. Exploring phase space. Nature, 405, 135, 137.

A journal article with 2 authors

Trenberth, K.E. & Otto-Bliesner, B.L. (2003) Paleoclimate. Toward integrated reconstruction of past climates. Science, 300, 589–590.

A journal article with 3 authors

Murray, B.J., Knopf, D.A., & Bertram, A.K. (2005) The formation of cubic ice under conditions relevant to Earth’s atmosphere. Nature, 434, 202–205.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Xu, Q., Liu, F., Liu, Y., Cui, K., Feng, X., Zhang, W., & Huang, Y. (2013) Broadband light absorption enhancement in dye-sensitized solar cells with Au-Ag alloy popcorn nanoparticles. Sci. Rep., 3, 2112.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Brown, M.A. & Kaplan, L. (2012) The Advanced Practice Registered Nurse as a Prescriber. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Janjuha-Jivraj, S. (2016) Championing Women Leaders: Beyond Sponsorship. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.

A chapter in an edited book

Nakayama, Y. (2015) Formal Analysis of Epistemic Modalities and Conditionals Based on Logic of Belief Structures. New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence: JSAI-isAI 2014 Workshops, LENLS, JURISIN, and GABA, Kanagawa, Japan, October 27-28, 2014, Revised Selected Papers, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Murata, T., Mineshima, K., & Bekki, D. eds). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 37–52.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Mathematical Medicine and Biology.

Blog post

Fang, J. (2015) What’s Happening To The Flowers At Fukushima? IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1981) Cooperative Extension Service’s Mission and Federal Role Need Congressional Clarification ( No. CED-81-119). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Andrews, A. (2013) Yoga as mental health treatment for cancer survivors: A grant proposal (Doctoral dissertation).

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kenigsberg, B. (2017) Film Series. New York Times, C20.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Shlesinger, 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Shlesinger, 2000; Trenberth & Otto-Bliesner, 2003).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Trenberth & Otto-Bliesner, 2003)
Three or more authors: (Xu et al., 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Mathematical Medicine and Biology
Abbreviation	Math. Med. Biol.
ISSN (print)	1477-8599
ISSN (online)	1477-8602
Scope	General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology General Environmental Science General Immunology and Microbiology Applied Mathematics Modelling and Simulation General Medicine General Neuroscience Pharmacology