How to format your references using the MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Molnar P (2011) Jack oliver (1923-2011). Nature 470:176

A journal article with 2 authors

Pasteris JD, Wopenka B (2002) Laser-Raman spectroscopy: images of the Earth’s earliest fossils? Nature 420:476–7; discussion 477

A journal article with 3 authors

Taylor BW, Flecker AS, Hall RO Jr (2006) Loss of a harvested fish species disrupts carbon flow in a diverse tropical river. Science 313:833–836

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Frezza C, Zheng L, Folger O, et al (2011) Haem oxygenase is synthetically lethal with the tumour suppressor fumarate hydratase. Nature 477:225–228

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Stoican F, Olaru S (2013) Set-theoretic Fault-tolerant Control in Multisensor Systems. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ USA

An edited book

Krysko DV, Vandenabeele P (2009) Phagocytosis of Dying Cells: From Molecular Mechanisms to Human Diseases. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht

A chapter in an edited book

Boedicker JQ, Brenner K, Weibel DB (2015) Spatial Structure of Microbes in Nature and the Biophysics of Cell–Cell Communication. In: Hagen SJ (ed) The Physical Basis of Bacterial Quorum Communication. Springer, New York, NY, pp 53–81

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY.

Blog post

Fang J (2015) Early Australians Overlapped With Giant, Predatory Lizards. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1999) Laboratory Research: Sales and Use Tax Costs to Build DOE’s Spallation Neutron Source Project. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Sowers PA (2012) “Klanaheim”: Suburbia, civic identity, and the second Ku Klux Klan. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Slivka K (2012) First Half of Year Hottest On Record. New York Times A11

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY
Abbreviation	Musculoskelet. Surg.
ISSN (print)	2035-5106
ISSN (online)	2035-5114
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery