How to format your references using the Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ensslin, T. A.: Astronomy. Radio traces of cosmic shock waves, Science, 314, 772–773, 2006.

A journal article with 2 authors

Sabel, T. and Zschocher, M.: Transition of refractive index contrast in course of grating growth, Sci. Rep., 3, 2552, 2013.

A journal article with 3 authors

Hunte, C., Zickermann, V., and Brandt, U.: Functional modules and structural basis of conformational coupling in mitochondrial complex I, Science, 329, 448–451, 2010.

A journal article with 100 or more authors

Shi, M., Lin, X.-D., Chen, X., Tian, J.-H., Chen, L.-J., Li, K., Wang, W., Eden, J.-S., Shen, J.-J., Liu, L., Holmes, E. C., and Zhang, Y.-Z.: Author Correction: The evolutionary history of vertebrate RNA viruses, Nature, 561, E6, 2018.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Anderson, D.: TKO Hiring!, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2007.

An edited book

Durán, F. (Ed.): Rewriting Logic and Its Applications: 9th International Workshop, WRLA 2012, Held as a Satellite Event of ETAPS, Tallinn, Estonia, March 24-25, 2012, Revised Selected Papers, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, VIII, 241 p. 51 illus p., 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Kwok-bun, C. and Wai-wan, C.: Social Strain and the Adaptive Behavior of Hong Kong Return Migrants, in: Living Intersections: Transnational Migrant Identifications in Asia, edited by: Plüss, C. and Chan, K.-B., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 73–99, 2012.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions.

Blog post

Carpineti, A.: The Jet Flows Of Jupiter Recreated In The Lab For The First Time, https://www.iflscience.com/space/the-jet-flows-of-jupiter-recreated-in-the-lab-for-the-first-time/, last access: 30 October 2018, 2017., 2017.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Charter Schools: To Enhance Education’s Monitoring and Research, More Charter School-Level Data Are Needed, GAO-05-5, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2005.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Mayfield, K. M.: Project managers’ experience and description of decision uncertainty associated with the agile software development methodology: A phenomenological study, Doctoral dissertation, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow, K.: Lehman Bros. Grapples With Arts Zoning Rules, , New York Times6th January144, 2002.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Ensslin, 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Ensslin, 2006; Sabel and Zschocher, 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Sabel and Zschocher, 2013)
Three or more authors: (Shi et al., 2018)

About the journal

Full journal title	Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions
ISSN (online)	2195-9269
Scope