How to format your references using the Northeastern Naturalist citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Northeastern Naturalist. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Proctor, R.N. 2000. Expert witnesses take the stand. Nature 407:15–16.

A journal article with 2 authors

Green, D.R., and G. Kroemer. 2004. The pathophysiology of mitochondrial cell death. Science (New York, N.Y.) 305:626–629.

A journal article with 3 authors

Kolodner, R.D., C.D. Putnam, and K. Myung. 2002. Maintenance of genome stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science (New York, N.Y.) 297:552–557.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Ross, S.R., K.E. Lukas, E.V. Lonsdorf, T.S. Stoinski, B. Hare, R. Shumaker, and J. Goodall. 2008. Science priorities. Inappropriate use and portrayal of chimpanzees. Science (New York, N.Y.) 319:1487.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hamad, W.Y. 2017. Cellulose Nanocrystals. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Demidenko, G.V., and V.L. Vaskevich (Eds.). 2006. Selected Works of S.L. Sobolev: Volume I: Mathematical Physics, Computational Mathematics, and Cubature Formulas. Springer US, Boston, MA. XXVIII, 604 p. 20 illus pp.

A chapter in an edited book

Damon, J., P. Giblin, and G. Haslinger. 2016. Singularity Equivalence Groups Capturing Interactions. Pp. 41–71, In P. Giblin and G. Haslinger (Eds.). Local Features in Natural Images via Singularity Theory. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Springer International Publishing, Cham.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Northeastern Naturalist.

Blog post

O`Callaghan, J. 2016. This Ice Shelf Breaking From The Inside Out In West Antarctica Is Not Good News. IFLScience. IFLScience. Available online at https://www.iflscience.com/environment/ice-shelf-west-antarctica-inside-out/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1990. Supplemental Student Loans: Legislative Changes Have Sharply Reduced Loan Volume. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Colchero Dorado, R. 2008. Recovering memory in Jordi Soler’s “Los rojos de ultramar.” Doctoral dissertation. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Dinardo, K. 2013. Laetitia Trouillet, Designer, on the Shops and Souks of Marrakesh. New York Times15 December 2013:TR3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Proctor 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Green and Kroemer 2004, Proctor 2000).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Green and Kroemer 2004)
Three or more authors: (Ross et al. 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	Northeastern Naturalist
Abbreviation	Northeast. Nat. (Steuben)
ISSN (print)	1092-6194
ISSN (online)	1938-5307
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics