How to format your references using the Nuclear Medicine and Biology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Nuclear Medicine and Biology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Stafford N. Spy in the sky. Nature 2007;445:808–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Taleff EM, Pedrazas NA. Materials science. A new route for growing large grains in metals. Science 2013;341:1461–2.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Liu Z, Gandhi CS, Rees DC. Structure of a tetrameric MscL in an expanded intermediate state. Nature 2009;461:120–4.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Lilburn TG, Kim KS, Ostrom NE, Byzek KR, Leadbetter JR, Breznak JA. Nitrogen fixation by symbiotic and free-living spirochetes. Science 2001;292:2495–8.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Abdel-aleem S. The Design and Management of Medical Device clinical Trials. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.

An edited book

[1]

Rödder S, Franzen M, Weingart P, editors. The Sciences’ Media Connection –Public Communication and its Repercussions. vol. 28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Herrington G. Interoperability - A Requirement for Tackling Gun Crime. In: Akhgar B, Yates S, editors. Intelligence Management: Knowledge Driven Frameworks for Combating Terrorism and Organized Crime, London: Springer; 2011, p. 49–60.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Nuclear Medicine and Biology.

Blog post

[1]

Luntz S. Early Ancestor’s Skull Growth “Not Human-Like.” IFLScience 2014.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. NTSB Recommendations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1987.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Chanderbhan-Forde S. Asian Indian mothers’ involvement in their children’s schooling: An analysis of social and cultural capital. Doctoral dissertation. University of South Florida, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Kelly M. Clinton Myth of Nonideological Politics Stumbles. New York Times 1993:126.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Nuclear Medicine and Biology
Abbreviation	Nucl. Med. Biol.
ISSN (print)	0969-8051
Scope	Cancer Research Molecular Medicine Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging