How to format your references using the Oikos citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Oikos. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Buchanan, M. 2007. The best is yet to come. - Nature 447: 39.

A journal article with 2 authors

Koelle, K. and Rasmussen, D. A. 2014. Influenza: Prediction is worth a shot. - Nature 507: 47–48.

A journal article with 3 authors

Woodward, J. J., Iavarone, A. T. and Portnoy, D. A. 2010. c-di-AMP secreted by intracellular Listeria monocytogenes activates a host type I interferon response. - Science 328: 1703–1705.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Del Fresno, C., Saz-Leal, P., Enamorado, M., Wculek, S. K., Martínez-Cano, S., Blanco-Menéndez, N., Schulz, O., Gallizioli, M., Miró-Mur, F., Cano, E., Planas, A. and Sancho, D. 2018. DNGR-1 in dendritic cells limits tissue damage by dampening neutrophil recruitment. - Science 362: 351–356.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Zhu, Z. and Nandi, A. K. 2014. Automatic Modulation Classification. - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

2011. Influenza Vaccines for the Future (R Rappuoli and G Del Giudice, Eds.). - Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

García-Vidal, J., Guerrero-Zapata, M., Morillo-Pozo, J. and Fusté-Vilella, D. 2007. A Protocol Stack for Cooperative Wireless Networks. - In: García-Vidal, J. and Cerdà-Alabern, L. (eds), Wireless Systems and Mobility in Next Generation Internet: Third International Workshop of the EURO-NGI Network of Excellence, Sitges, Spain, June 6-9, 2006, Revised Selected Papers. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, pp. 62–72.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Oikos.

Blog post

Andrew, D. 2015. Watch Food Being Digested In This Fascinating And Gross Video. - IFLScience

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office 1994. Early Childhood Programs: Many Poor Children and Strained Resources Challenge Head Start.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Wilkerson, K. 2010. A comprehensive educational program for male and female teen parents: A grant proposal.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow, K. 2003. Ah, Spring, When Street Fairs Battle Each Other for Permits. - New York Times: 146.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Buchanan 2007).
This sentence cites two references (Buchanan 2007, Koelle and Rasmussen 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Koelle and Rasmussen 2014)
Three or more authors: (Del Fresno et al. 2018)

About the journal

Full journal title	Oikos
Abbreviation	Oikos
ISSN (print)	0030-1299
ISSN (online)	1600-0706
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics