How to format your references using the Ophthalmic Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ophthalmic Epidemiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Halavais A. Social science: Open up online research. Nature. 2011;480(7376):174-175.

A journal article with 2 authors

Paterson WS, Reeh N. Thinning of the ice sheet in northwest Greenland over the past forty years. Nature. 2001;414(6859):60-62.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lu LY, Ou N, Lu QB. Antioxidant induces DNA damage, cell death and mutagenicity in human lung and skin normal cells. Sci Rep. 2013;3:3169.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Volkov I, Banavar JR, He F, Hubbell SP, Maritan A. Density dependence explains tree species abundance and diversity in tropical forests. Nature. 2005;438(7068):658-661.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Prutchi D, Norris M. Design and Development of Medical Electronic Instrumentation. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2004.

An edited book

Allen RB, Hunter J, Zeng ML, eds. Digital Libraries: Providing Quality Information: 17th International Conference on Asia-Pacific Digital Libraries, ICADL 2015, Seoul, Korea, December 9-12, 2015. Proceedings. Vol 9469. 1st ed. 2015. Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Tompkins DM, Poulin R. Parasites and Biological Invasions. In: Allen RB, Lee WG, eds. Biological Invasions in New Zealand. Ecological Studies. Springer; 2006:67-84.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ophthalmic Epidemiology.

Blog post

Fang J. First Ever Archaic Human Jawbone Discovered in Taiwan. IFLScience. January 28, 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-ever-archaic-human-jawbone-discovered-taiwan/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Joint Strike Fighter Acquisition: Development Schedule Should Be Changed to Reduce Risks. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2000.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Gemmer J. Shape Selection in the Non-Euclidean Model of Elasticity. Doctoral dissertation. University of Arizona; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Saslow L. Fears of Brown Tide in Suffolk Waters. New York Times. July 15, 2007:LI2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Ophthalmic Epidemiology
Abbreviation	Ophthalmic Epidemiol.
ISSN (print)	0928-6586
ISSN (online)	1744-5086
Scope	Epidemiology Ophthalmology