How to format your references using the Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology (PPE). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Govindan R. Cancer. Attack of the clones. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2014;346:169–170.

A journal article with 2 authors

Schulze A, Harris AL. How cancer metabolism is tuned for proliferation and vulnerable to disruption. Nature 2012;491:364–373.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ding WW, Murray F, Stuart TE. Gender differences in patenting in the academic life sciences. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2006;313:665–667.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Snow M, Cox S-L, Jenkin G, Trounson A, Shaw J. Generation of live young from xenografted mouse ovaries. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2002;297:2227.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Banks RE, Sharp JM, Doss SD, Vanderford DA. Exotic Small Mammal Care and Husbandry. Ames, Iowa, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

Plattner H, Meinel C, Leifer L eds. Design Thinking Research: Making Design Thinking Foundational. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Dawson DA, Greven A. A Basic Tool: Dual Representations. In: Spatial Fleming-Viot Models with Selection and Mutation. Editor: Greven A: Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014; pp. 105–145.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology.

Blog post

Andrew E. After Years Of Conflict, Huge Project Could Help Scientists Decipher The Brain. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/after-years-conflict-huge-project-could-help-scientists-decipher-brain/ (last accessed October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. ADP Systems: FDA Can Reduce Development Risks for Its Import Information System. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1988.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Aramphongphun C. In-mold Coating of Thermoplastic and Composite Parts: Microfluidics and Rheology. 2006.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Harris G, Shpigel B. Jets Owner Is Appointed Ambassador to Britain. New York Times. January 20, 2017:A22.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology
Abbreviation	Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol.
ISSN (print)	0269-5022
ISSN (online)	1365-3016
Scope	Epidemiology Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health