How to format your references using the Pain and Therapy citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pain and Therapy. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Janson S. Computer science. Networking--smoothly does it. Science. 2011;333:298–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Hammerl G, Spaldin N. Physics. Shedding light on oxide interfaces. Science. 2011;332:922–3.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Touboul M, Puchtel IS, Walker RJ. 182W evidence for long-term preservation of early mantle differentiation products. Science. 2012;335:1065–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Toh RJ, Peng WK, Han J, Pumera M. Direct in vivo electrochemical detection of haemoglobin in red blood cells. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6209.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Mazer A. Electric Power Planning for Regulated and Deregulated Markets. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2006.

An edited book

1. Krawczyk H, editor. Public-Key Cryptography – PKC 2014: 17th International Conference on Practice and Theory in Public-Key Cryptography, Buenos Aires, Argentina, March 26-28, 2014. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Lee RWJ, Schewitz LP, Raveney BJE, Dick AD. Steroid Sensitivity in Uveitis. In: Forrester JV, editor. Uveitis and Immunological Disorders. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009. p. 45–54.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pain and Therapy.

Blog post

1. Hamilton K. Why Do Our Friends Want Us To Drink And Dislike It When We Don’t? IFLScience. IFLScience; 2017.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. ADP Systems: FDA Can Reduce Development Risks for Its Import Information System. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1988 Sep. Report No.: IMTEC-88-42.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Morr R. Age Discrimination: Prejudice Suppression in the Selection Process [Doctoral dissertation]. [Edwardsville, IL]: Southern Illinois University; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Wagner J. Mets Catch a Break, Then Catch Fire, to Defeat the Braves on Opening Day. New York Times. 2017 Apr 3;B9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pain and Therapy
Abbreviation	Pain Ther.
ISSN (print)	2193-8237
ISSN (online)	2193-651X
Scope