How to format your references using the PAIN citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for PAIN. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Noda S. Applied physics. Seeking the ultimate nanolaser. Science 2006;314:260–261.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Olszewski TD, Erwin DH. Dynamic response of Permian brachiopod communities to long-term environmental change. Nature 2004;428:738–741.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Moran NA, McLaughlin HJ, Sorek R. The dynamics and time scale of ongoing genomic erosion in symbiotic bacteria. Science 2009;323:379–382.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

Liu L, Botos I, Wang Y, Leonard JN, Shiloach J, Segal DM, Davies DR. Structural basis of toll-like receptor 3 signaling with double-stranded RNA. Science 2008;320:379–381.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Somjit N, Robertson I, Chongcheawchamnan M. Microwave and Millimetre-Wave Design for Wireless Communications. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016.

An edited book

[1]

Senn H-J, Kapp U, Otto F eds. Cancer Prevention II. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Kekre HB, Sarode TK, Sange SR, Natu S, Natu P. Halftone Image Data Compression Using Kekre’s Fast Code Book Generation (KFCG) Algorithm for Vector Quantization. In: Shah K, Lakshmi Gorty VR, Phirke A, editors. Technology Systems and Management: First International Conference, ICTSM 2011, Mumbai, India, February 25-27, 2011. Selected Papers. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2011. pp. 34–42.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for PAIN.

Blog post

[1]

Hale T. “Thirsty” Concrete Can Drain 4,000 liters Of Water In Just One Minute. IFLScience 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Multiple Teacher Training Programs: Information on Budgets, Services, and Target Groups. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Ramotar-John BP. Supplementing soybean meal with Camelina (Camelina sativa) in tilapia diets and optimizing commercial tilapia diets for use in intensive systems in the Western region of the United States [Doctoral dissertation]. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona. (2014).

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Walsh MW. Judge Rejects Plan to Alter City Pensions in Chicago. New York Times 2015:A11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [2].
This sentence cites two references [2,4].
This sentence cites four references [5–8].

About the journal

Full journal title	PAIN
Abbreviation	Pain
ISSN (print)	0304-3959
ISSN (online)	1872-6623
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Clinical Neurology Neurology