How to format your references using the Pain Management citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pain Management. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Church G. Perspective: Encourage the innovators. Nature 528(7580), S7 (2015).

A journal article with 2 authors

Carson MJ, Lo D. Immunology. The push-me pull-you of T cell activation. Science 293(5530), 618–619 (2001).

A journal article with 3 authors

Yang L, Yang N, Li B. Reduction of thermal conductivity by nanoscale 3D phononic crystal. Sci. Rep. 3, 1143 (2013).

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Nakahata Y, Sahar S, Astarita G, Kaluzova M, Sassone-Corsi P. Circadian control of the NAD+ salvage pathway by CLOCK-SIRT1. Science 324(5927), 654–657 (2009).

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Nova R. Soil Mechanics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ (2013).

An edited book

Gabriel J, Schier J, Huffel SV et al. (Eds.). Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies: 5th International Joint Conference, BIOSTEC 2012, Vilamoura, Portugal, February 1-4, 2012, Revised Selected Papers. (Volume 357). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2013).

A chapter in an edited book

Wilbanks TJ, Fernandez S. Implications for Future Risk Management Strategies. In: Climate Change and Infrastructure, Urban Systems, and Vulnerabilities. Wilbanks TJ, Fernandez S (Ed.), Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, Washington, DC, 55–68 (2014).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pain Management.

Blog post

Hale T. ‘Pedals The Bipedal Bear Is Believed To Have Been Shot Dead’ (2016). https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/pedals-the-bipedal-bear-is-believed-to-have-been-shot-dead/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. School Facilities: Physical Conditions in School Districts Receiving Impact Aid for Students Residing on Indian Lands, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, (2009).

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Yaudes KL. Doctoral dissertation, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA, (2017).

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wagner J. With Trade Deadline Near, The Mets Joke and Lose, (2017).

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [2].
This sentence cites two references [2,4].
This sentence cites four references [2,4,6,8].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pain Management
Abbreviation	Pain Manag.
ISSN (print)	1758-1869
ISSN (online)	1758-1877
Scope