How to format your references using the Pain Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pain Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Stone AJ. Chemistry. Water from first principles. Science 2007;315(5816):1228–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

Yang Z-F, Zhou J-H. Can we identify source lithology of basalt? Sci Rep 2013;3:1856.

A journal article with 3 authors

Wardle DA, Nilsson M-C, Zackrisson O. Fire-derived charcoal causes loss of forest humus. Science 2008;320(5876):629.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Morton PE, Hicks A, Nastos T, Santis G, Parsons M. CAR regulates epithelial cell junction stability through control of E-cadherin trafficking. Sci Rep 2013;3:2889.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Center for Chemical Process Safety. Guidelines for Defining Process Safety Competency Requirements. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2015.

An edited book

Tomczyk S, Zhang J, Bastian T, eds. Coronal Magnetometry. New York, NY: Springer; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Dransfield I, Farnworth S. Axl and Mer Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Distinct and Nonoverlapping Roles in Inflammation and Cancer? In: Gregory CD, ed. Apoptosis in Cancer Pathogenesis and Anti-cancer Therapy: New Perspectives and Opportunities. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016:113–32. (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pain Medicine.

Blog post

Andrew E. Watch A Man Deliver Three Baby Sharks From Dead Mother With Emergency C-Section [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/watch-man-deliver-three-baby-sharks-dead-mother-emergency-c-section/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Hazardous Materials Rail Shipments: Emergency Responders Receive Support, but DOT Could Improve Oversight of Information Sharing. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2016 Nov. Report No.: GAO-17-91.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Sink RC. Exploring a high school community relations and parent involvement program [Doctoral dissertation]. [ St. Charles, MO]: Lindenwood University; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Schmidt MS. Trump Appealed to Comey to Halt Inquiry Into Aide. New York Times 2017;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pain Medicine
ISSN (print)	1526-2375
ISSN (online)	1526-4637
Scope