How to format your references using the Palaeontologia Electronica citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Palaeontologia Electronica. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Carthew, R.W. 2006. July 21. Molecular biology. A new RNA dimension to genome control. Science (New York, N.Y.) 313:305–306.

A journal article with 2 authors

Gal-Yam, A. and Leonard, D.C. 2009. April 16. A massive hypergiant star as the progenitor of the supernova SN 2005gl. Nature 458:865–867.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bell, E., Rowen, L. and Hood, L. 2000. December 1. Publication rights for sequence data producers. Science (New York, N.Y.) 290:1696b–8b.

A journal article with 99 or more authors

Sokolovski, S.G., Zolotovskaya, S.A., Goltsov, A., Pourreyron, C., South, A.P. and Rafailov, E.U. 2013. December 12. Infrared laser pulse triggers increased singlet oxygen production in tumour cells. Scientific reports 3:3484.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bragg, S.M. 2010. July 19. Running an Effective Investor Relations Department. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Barth, F.G., Giampieri-Deutsch, P. and Klein, H.-D. (Eds.). 2012. Sensory Perception: Mind and Matter. Springer, Vienna.

A chapter in an edited book

Sakti, S., Nakamura, S., Markov, K. and Minker, W. 2009. Conclusions and Future Directions, p. 1–5. In Nakamura, S., Markov, K., and Sakti, S. (eds.), Incorporating Knowledge Sources into Statistical Speech Recognition. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer US, Boston, MA.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Palaeontologia Electronica.

Blog post

Fang, J. 2015. October 12. . IFLScience. Retrieved October 30, 2018, from https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/amazon-river-dolphin-biosonar-well-suited-cluttered-environments/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1986. September 18. [Response to Request for Views on Application of P.L. 99-177 to Teacher Loan Cancellations]. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Jordan, E.A. 2010. . Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Shpigel, B. 2016. December 24. Patriots Feast on Petty, as on So Many Others. New York Times SP3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Carthew 2006 July 21. ).
This sentence cites two references (Carthew 2006 July 21. ; Gal-Yam and Leonard 2009 April 16. ).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Gal-Yam and Leonard 2009 April 16. )
Three or more authors: (Sokolovski et al. 2013 December 12. )

About the journal

Full journal title	Palaeontologia Electronica
Abbreviation	Palaeontol. Electronica
ISSN (print)	1094-8074
ISSN (online)	1935-3952
Scope	Oceanography