How to format your references using the Palaios citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Palaios. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Piccirilli, J.A., 2008, Biochemistry. Toward understanding self-splicing: Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 320, p. 56–57.

A journal article with 2 authors

Rogers, W.B., and Manoharan, V.N., 2015, DNA nanotechnology. Programming colloidal phase transitions with DNA strand displacement: Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 347, p. 639–642.

A journal article with 3 authors

Elsner, J.B., Kossin, J.P., and Jagger, T.H., 2008, The increasing intensity of the strongest tropical cyclones: Nature, v. 455, p. 92–95.

A journal article with 15 or more authors

Okamoto, S., Inaba, K., Iida, T., Ishihara, H., Ichikawa, S., and Ashida, M., 2014, Fabrication of single-crystalline microspheres with high sphericity from anisotropic materials: Scientific reports, v. 4, p. 5186.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hao, L., and Lawrence, J., 2006, Laser Surface Treatment of Bio-Implant Materials: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Nicola, A.D., Cauduro, A., Lombardi, M., and Ruspini, P. (eds.), 2009, Prostitution and Human Trafficking: Focus on Clients: Springer, New York, NY, X, 256 p p.

A chapter in an edited book

Brüggemann, R., and Patil, G.P., 2011, Structures of Partial Orders, in Patil, G.P., ed., Ranking and Prioritization for Multi-Indicator Systems: Introduction to Partial Order Applications: Springer, New York, NY, p. 57–74.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Palaios.

Blog post

Luntz, S., 2015, Arctic Seabeds A Growing Carbon Sink: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/arctic-seabeds-growing-carbon-sink/. Checked October 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1997, Student Loans: Potential Effects of Raising Statutory Audit Threshold: U.S. Government Printing Office HEHS-97-111R.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

O’Grady, C.R., 2009, Journeys of our ancestors: Conservation science approaches to the analysis of cultural material: Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gustines, G.G., 2017, Funny, but Not Funny Enough for The New Yorker: New York Times, p. C17.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Piccirilli, 2008).
This sentence cites two references (Piccirilli, 2008; Rogers and Manoharan, 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Rogers and Manoharan, 2015)
Three or more authors: (Okamoto et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Palaios
Abbreviation	Palaios
ISSN (print)	0883-1351
ISSN (online)	1938-5323
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Palaeontology