How to format your references using the Pathogens and Disease citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pathogens and Disease. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Brophy PJ. Microbiology. Subversion of Schwann cells and the leper’s bell. Science 2002;296:862–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

Roberts RG, Sutikna T. Michael John Morwood (1950-2013). Nature 2013;500:401.

A journal article with 3 authors

Grzybowski BA, Stone HA, Whitesides GM. Dynamic self-assembly of magnetized, millimetre-sized objects rotating at a liquid-air interface. Nature 2000;405:1033–6.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Spencer SL, Gaudet S, Albeck JG et al. Non-genetic origins of cell-to-cell variability in TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Nature 2009;459:428–32.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Higman BW. How Food Made History. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011.

An edited book

Bartels N ed. Applied Linguistics and Language Teacher Education. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

Cordero A, Torregrosa JR. On the Design of Optimal Iterative Methods for Solving Nonlinear Equations. In: Amat S, Busquier S (eds.), Advances in Iterative Methods for Nonlinear Equations. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016, 79–111.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pathogens and Disease.

Blog post

Luntz S. New App Can Literally Improve Your Eyesight. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/new-app-can-literally-improve-your-eyesight/ (October 30, 2018, date last accessed)

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Meeting the Aging Aircraft Challenge: Status and Opportunities. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Theis JY. Accessing mental health services among Asian American adults: Evidence from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gordon MR. U.S. Fighter Downs Drone Over Syria. New York Times. June 20, 2017:A8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Brophy 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Brophy 2002; Roberts and Sutikna 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Roberts and Sutikna 2013)
Three authors: (Grzybowski, Stone and Whitesides 2000)
4 or more authors: (Spencer et al. 2009)

About the journal

Full journal title	Pathogens and Disease
Abbreviation	Pathog. Dis.
ISSN (online)	2049-632X
Scope	General Immunology and Microbiology General Medicine Immunology and Allergy Infectious Diseases Microbiology (medical)