How to format your references using the Pattern Analysis and Applications citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pattern Analysis and Applications. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Jones D (2001) DaedalusThe tense road. Nature 411:758

A journal article with 2 authors

Stern A, Lindner NH (2013) Topological quantum computation--from basic concepts to first experiments. Science 339:1179–1184

A journal article with 3 authors

Yang G, Pan F, Gan W-B (2009) Stably maintained dendritic spines are associated with lifelong memories. Nature 462:920–924

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Peng C, Gathagan RJ, Covell DJ, et al (2018) Cellular milieu imparts distinct pathological α-synuclein strains in α-synucleinopathies. Nature 557:558–563

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Sizer A, Balachandar C, Biswas N, et al (2016) Part 2 MRCOG: Single Best Answer Questions. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Sigg S, Nurmi P, Salim F (2015) Mobile Computing, Applications, and Services: 7th International Conference, MobiCASE 2015, Berlin, Germany, November 12–13, 2015, Revised Selected Papers, 1st ed. 2015. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Sowa S, Tsinas L, Gabriel R (2009) BORIS –Business ORiented management of Information Security. In: Johnson ME (ed) Managing Information Risk and the Economics of Security. Springer US, Boston, MA, pp 81–97

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pattern Analysis and Applications.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Astrophysicists Create The Most Comprehensive Map Of The Universe Yet. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/most-comprehensive-map-universe-yet/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2012) Early Child Care and Education: HHS and Education Are Taking Steps to Improve Workforce Data and Enhance Worker Quality. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ponder S (2010) Parent information nights: An elementary school principal’s search to increase parent input and affect the learning-at-home environment. Doctoral dissertation, Lindenwood University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Feeney K (2009) Fire Up the Grill. New York Times NJ8

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pattern Analysis and Applications
Abbreviation	Pattern Anal. Appl.
ISSN (print)	1433-7541
ISSN (online)	1433-755X
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition