How to format your references using the Perspectives in Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Perspectives in Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

P. Vukusic, Materials science. Evolutionary photonics with a twist, Science 325 (2009) 398–399.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

S.H. Im, P.H. Taghert, Neuroscience. A CRY to rise, Science 331 (2011) 1394–1395.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

N.W. Palm, R.K. Rosenstein, R. Medzhitov, Allergic host defences, Nature 484 (2012) 465–472.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

H. Zhang, B. Yang, R.J. Pomerantz, C. Zhang, S.C. Arunachalam, L. Gao, The cytidine deaminase CEM15 induces hypermutation in newly synthesized HIV-1 DNA, Nature 424 (2003) 94–98.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

B.E. Gup, Banking and Financial Institutions, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2011.

An edited book

[1]

A. Bertram, Solid Mechanics: Theory, Modeling, and Problems, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

W. Cheng, H. Pang, K.-L. Tan, Authenticating Multi-dimensional Query Results in Data Publishing, in: E. Damiani, P. Liu (Eds.), Data and Applications Security XX: 20th Annual IFIP WG 11.3 Working Conference on Data and Applications Security, Sophia Antipolis, France, July 31-August 2, 2006. Proceedings, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2006: pp. 60–73.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Perspectives in Medicine.

Blog post

[1]

S. Luntz, Why It Is Not So Good To Be A Lone Wolf, IFLScience (2015). https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/why-it-not-so-good-be-lone-wolf/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, International Space Station: U.S. Life-Cycle Funding Requirements, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1998.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

E.P. Tyler, Tectonic geomorphology of quaternary river terraces at Santa Cruz Creek, Santa Maria Basin, Santa Barbara County, California, Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

G. Vecsey, Half-Century at Daytona, Off the Fourth Turn, New York Times (2010) B17.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Perspectives in Medicine
Abbreviation	Perspect. Med.
ISSN (print)	2211-968X
Scope	General Medicine