How to format your references using the Physics and Chemistry of the Earth citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Miller, D.M., 2007. Neuroscience. Synapses here and not everywhere. Science 317, 907–908.

A journal article with 2 authors

Joughin, I., Tulaczyk, S., 2002. Positive mass balance of the Ross Ice Streams, West Antarctica. Science 295, 476–480.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ackerman, J.M., Nocera, C.C., Bargh, J.A., 2010. Incidental haptic sensations influence social judgments and decisions. Science 328, 1712–1715.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Mushotzky, R.F., Cowie, L.L., Barger, A.J., Arnaud, K.A., 2000. Resolving the extragalactic hard X-ray background. Nature 404, 459–464.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Zhang, L., Peng, M., Chang, D., Xu, Y., 2016. Dam Failure Mechanisms and Risk Assessment. John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd, Singapore.

An edited book

Lee, G., Howard, D., Ślęzak, D. (Eds.), 2011. Convergence and Hybrid Information Technology: 5th International Conference, ICHIT 2011, Daejeon, Korea, September 22-24, 2011. Proceedings, Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Lont, M., Milosevic, D., van Roermund, A., 2014. Receiver Front-End Version 1, in: Milosevic, D., Roermund, A. van (Eds.), Wake-up Receiver Based Ultra-Low-Power WBAN, Analog Circuits and Signal Processing. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 93–107.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Physics and Chemistry of the Earth.

Blog post

Davis, J., 2017. Evidence Of Some Of South America’s Earliest Modern Humans Found Under Pyramid In Peru [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/evidence-of-some-of-south-americas-earliest-modern-humans-found-under-pyramid-in-peru/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2006. Information Security: Coordination of Federal Cyber Security Research and Development (No. GAO-06-811). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Matta Veera Venkata, S., 2015. Ensuring security and authentication using zero knowledge protocol in wireless sensor network applications (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Park, L.S., 2015. Look on the Bright Side. New York Times BR18.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Miller, 2007).
This sentence cites two references (Joughin and Tulaczyk, 2002; Miller, 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Joughin and Tulaczyk, 2002)
Three or more authors: (Mushotzky et al., 2000)

About the journal

Full journal title	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth
Abbreviation	Phys. Chem. Earth (2002)
ISSN (print)	1474-7065
Scope	Geochemistry and Petrology Geophysics