How to format your references using the Postgraduate Medical Journal citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Postgraduate Medical Journal. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

DeBaun MR. Perspective: thinking beyond survival. Nature. 2014;515:S16.

A journal article with 2 authors

Leung CT, Brugge JS. Outgrowth of single oncogene-expressing cells from suppressive epithelial environments. Nature. 2012;482:410–3.

A journal article with 3 authors

Sansom RS, Gabbott SE, Purnell MA. Non-random decay of chordate characters causes bias in fossil interpretation. Nature. 2010;463:797–800.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Stockem A, Fiuza F, Bret A, et al. Exploring the nature of collisionless shocks under laboratory conditions. Sci Rep. 2014;4:3934.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Behme S. Manufacturing of Pharmaceutical Proteins. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA 2015.

An edited book

Güllich A, Krüger M, editors. Sport: Das Lehrbuch für das Sportstudium. 1st ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Hordijk W, Steel M, Kauffman S. The Origin of Life, Evolution, and Functional Organization. In: Pontarotti P, ed. Evolutionary Biology: Exobiology and Evolutionary Mechanisms. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 2013:49–60.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Postgraduate Medical Journal.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J. Blue Origin Reveals New Glenn Rocket That Will Take Humans Into Orbit. IFLScience. 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/space/blue-origin-reveals-new-glenn-rocket/ (accessed 30 October 2018)

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Internet Infrastructure: Challenges in Developing a Public/Private Recovery Plan. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 2007.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Valencia GM. A Phenomenological Study of Adults Earning a Graduate Degree after Age 60. 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Feeney K. Chocolate, the Tuscan Way. New York Times. 2009;NJ10.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Postgraduate Medical Journal
Abbreviation	Postgrad. Med. J.
ISSN (print)	0032-5473
ISSN (online)	1469-0756
Scope	General Medicine