How to format your references using the Postgraduate Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Postgraduate Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Eckhardt B. Applied physics. A critical point for turbulence. Science. 2011;333(6039):165-166.

A journal article with 2 authors

Goyal S, Zandstra PW. Stem cells: Chasing blood. Nature. 2015;518(7540):488-490.

A journal article with 3 authors

Rastogi D, Suzuki M, Greally JM. Differential epigenome-wide DNA methylation patterns in childhood obesity-associated asthma. Sci Rep. 2013;3:2164.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Quimby RM, Kulkarni SR, Kasliwal MM, et al. Hydrogen-poor superluminous stellar explosions. Nature. 2011;474(7352):487-489.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Pohanish RP, Greene SA. Wiley Guide to Chemical Incompatibilities. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

Driscoll B. Entity Framework 6 Recipes. Second Edition. (Gupta N, Vettor R, Hirani Z, Tenny L, eds.). Apress; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Kliučininkas L, Račys V, Radžiūnienė I, Jankūnaitė D. Collective Versus Household Iron Removal from Groundwater at Villages in Lithuania. In: Leal Filho W, Sümer V, eds. Sustainable Water Use and Management: Examples of New Approaches and Perspectives. Green Energy and Technology. Springer International Publishing; 2015:91-102.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Postgraduate Medicine.

Blog post

Rourke T. The Physical Effects Of Heartbreak on Your Health. IFLScience. November 17, 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. EPA: Final Regulations for Revisions to the Federal Test Procedure for Emissions from Motor Vehicles. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1996.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Santella Steen S. The Potential of Television Programming as a Resource to Facilitate Academic Progress for Students Who Have a Specific Learning Disability in Reading. Doctoral dissertation. George Washington University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

(nyt) SK. World Briefing | Europe: Russia: Another Sign Explodes. New York Times. July 11, 2002:A6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Postgraduate Medicine
Abbreviation	Postgrad. Med.
ISSN (print)	0032-5481
ISSN (online)	1941-9260
Scope	General Medicine