How to format your references using the Preventive Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Preventive Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kitching, R.L., 2006. Ecology. Crafting the pieces of the diversity jigsaw puzzle. Science 313, 1055–1057.

A journal article with 2 authors

Rice, W.R., Friberg, U., 2008. Genetics. Functionally degenerate--Y not so? Science 319, 42–43.

A journal article with 3 authors

Pfleiderer, C., Julian, S.R., Lonzarich, G.G., 2001. Non-Fermi-liquid nature of the normal state of itinerant-electron ferromagnets. Nature 414, 427–430.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Bellstedt, P., Ihle, Y., Wiedemann, C., Kirschstein, A., Herbst, C., Görlach, M., Ramachandran, R., 2014. Sequential acquisition of multi-dimensional heteronuclear chemical shift correlation spectra with ¹H detection. Sci. Rep. 4, 4490.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hoppert, M., 2005. Microscopic Techniques in Biotechnology. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, FRG.

An edited book

Kumar, V., 2012. Customer Relationship Management: Concept, Strategy, and Tools, 2nd ed. 2012. ed, Springer Texts in Business and Economics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Duncan, I.D., Kondo, Y., 2013. Exogenous Cell Myelin Repair and Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis, in: Duncan, I.D., Franklin, R.J.M. (Eds.), Myelin Repair and Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis. Springer US, Boston, MA, pp. 93–127.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Preventive Medicine.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2015. Neolithic Bling Provides Clues To Spread Of Farming In Europe [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/environment/neolithic-bling-provides-clues-spread-farming-europe/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2006. Information Technology: Improvements Needed to More Accurately Identify and Better Oversee Risky Projects Totaling Billions of Dollars (No. GAO-06-1099T). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Stephens, T., 2012. The evolution of transformative communication patterns in 1-to-1 computing classrooms (Doctoral dissertation). Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Stewart, J.B., 2016. Justifiably, This Buck Stopped With the Chief Executive. New York Times B3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Kitching, 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Kitching, 2006; Rice and Friberg, 2008).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Rice and Friberg, 2008)
Three or more authors: (Bellstedt et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Preventive Medicine
Abbreviation	Prev. Med.
ISSN (print)	0091-7435
Scope	Epidemiology Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health