How to format your references using the Scandinavian Journal of Pain citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Scandinavian Journal of Pain. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Bohannon J. The Science Hall of Fame. Science 2011;331:143.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Palmer L, Milhollin G. Nuclear safety. Brazil’s nuclear puzzle. Science 2004;306:617.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Maier T, Leibundgut M, Ban N. The crystal structure of a mammalian fatty acid synthase. Science 2008;321:1315–22.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Grammatikopoulos P, Cassidy C, Singh V, Sowwan M. Coalescence-induced crystallisation wave in Pd nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2014;4:5779.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Exposito E, Diop C. Smart SOA Platforms in Cloud Computing Architectures. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2014.

An edited book

[1]

Pellegrino C, Sena-Cruz J, editors. Design Procedures for the Use of Composites in Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Structures: State-of-the-Art Report of the RILEM Technical Committee 234-DUC. vol. 19. 1st ed. 2016. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Xu L, Lin W, Kuo C-CJ. Metrics Fusion. In: Lin W, Kuo C-CJ, editors. Visual Quality Assessment by Machine Learning, Singapore: Springer; 2015, p. 93–122.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Scandinavian Journal of Pain.

Blog post

[1]

Fang J. Alpha Meerkats Can Benefit From Killing Their Grandpups. IFLScience 2014. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/alpha-meerkats-can-benefit-killing-their-grandpups/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Summary of a GAO Conference: Helping California Youths with Disabilities Transition to Work or Postsecondary Education. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2006.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Teater MR. Reentry and reintegration: A grant proposal for formerly incarcerated women. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Gelles D, de la MERCED MJ. Torch Passes At Carlyle As a Titan Steps Aside. New York Times 2017:B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Scandinavian Journal of Pain
Abbreviation	Scand. J. Pain
ISSN (print)	1877-8860
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Clinical Neurology