How to format your references using the Scoliosis citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Scoliosis. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Goodman S. Europe attempts to promote women scientists. Nature. 2003;426:210–1.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Hupp JT, Poeppelmeier KR. Chemistry. Better living through nanopore chemistry. Science. 2005;309:2008–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Della Negra M, Jenni P, Virdee TS. Journey in the search for the Higgs boson: the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider. Science. 2012;338:1560–8.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Wei C, Pang H, Zhang B, Lu Q, Liang S, Gao F. Two-dimensional β-MnO₂ nanowire network with enhanced electrochemical capacitance. Sci Rep. 2013;3:2193.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Taylor R. Handbook of Retinal Screening in Diabetes. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2006.

An edited book

1. Koziel S. Antenna Design by Simulation-Driven Optimization. Ogurtsov S, editor. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Hardin CS, Taylor AD. The Denumerable Setting: One-Way Visibility. In: Taylor AD, editor. The Mathematics of Coordinated Inference: A Study of Generalized Hat Problems. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2013. p. 29–47.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Scoliosis.

Blog post

1. O`Callaghan J. Mars To Make Its Closest Approach To Earth In 11 Years This Month. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Airport Development: Improvement Needed in Federal Planning. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1992 Feb. Report No.: T-RCED-92-30.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Llamas AL. ALLTAP Solutions, LLC: A Business Plan [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Lyall S. Olympic Fears Rattle Athletes and Families. New York Times. 2014 Jan 25;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Scoliosis
Abbreviation	Scoliosis
ISSN (online)	1748-7161
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine