How to format your references using the Sleep Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Sleep Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Neubert T. Atmospheric science. On sprites and their exotic kin. Science 2003;300:747–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Murphy KG, Bloom SR. Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis. Nature 2006;444:854–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Oppo DW, Rosenthal Y, Linsley BK. 2,000-year-long temperature and hydrology reconstructions from the Indo-Pacific warm pool. Nature 2009;460:1113–6.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Bochukova EG, Huang N, Keogh J, Henning E, Purmann C, Blaszczyk K, et al. Large, rare chromosomal deletions associated with severe early-onset obesity. Nature 2010;463:666–70.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Vignes A. Extractive Metallurgy 2. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

[1]

Inoue K, Ohwada H, Yamamoto A, editors. Inductive Logic Programming: 25th International Conference, ILP 2015, Kyoto, Japan, August 20-22, 2015, Revised Selected Papers. vol. 9575. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

MacPhail A. Becoming a Teacher Educator: Legitimate Participation and the Reflexivity of Being Situated. In: Ovens A, Fletcher T, editors. Self-Study in Physical Education Teacher Education: Exploring the interplay of practice and scholarship, Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014, p. 47–62.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Sleep Medicine.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew D. Three Ways Organic Electronics Is Changing Technology As We Know It. IFLScience 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. FAA Staffing: Recruitment, Hiring, and Initial Training of Safety-Related Personnel. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1988.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Diorio CA. The silent scream of Medusa: Restoring, or re-storying, her voice. Doctoral dissertation. Pacifica Graduate Institute, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Cooper M. The Met Offers Buyouts To 21 of Its Employees. New York Times 2017:C3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Sleep Medicine
Abbreviation	Sleep Med.
ISSN (print)	1389-9457
Scope	General Medicine