How to format your references using the Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Knight J. Senators call for biodefence boost. Nature. 2001;413(6855):441.

A journal article with 2 authors

Helffrich G, Kaneshima S. Outer-core compositional stratification from observed core wave speed profiles. Nature. 2010;468(7325):807-810.

A journal article with 3 authors

Melchor RN, Buchwaldt R, Bowring S. A Late Eocene date for Late Triassic bird tracks. Nature. 2013;495(7441):E1-2.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Bauer A, Westkämper F, Grimme S, Bach T. Catalytic enantioselective reactions driven by photoinduced electron transfer. Nature. 2005;436(7054):1139-1140.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Utsuro M, Ignatovich VK. Handbook of Neutron Optics. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2010.

An edited book

Hartlep ND. Asian/American Curricular Epistemicide: From Being Excluded to Becoming a Model Minority. (Scott DP, ed.). SensePublishers; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Achimugu P, Selamat A. A Hybridized Approach for Prioritizing Software Requirements Based on K-Means and Evolutionary Algorithms. In: Azar AT, Vaidyanathan S, eds. Computational Intelligence Applications in Modeling and Control. Studies in Computational Intelligence. Springer International Publishing; 2015:73-93.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Surgery.

Blog post

Andrews R. This Robotic Flying Bat Could Be The Future Of Drones. IFLScience. February 1, 2017.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Job Training Partnership Act: Participants, Services, and Outcomes. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1988.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cox ET. Prenatal Cocaine: Effects on Neonatal Vocalizations, Cue-Induced Maternal Response, and Brain Development. Doctoral dissertation. University of North Carolina; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Williams J. A Timeless Observer. New York Times. September 25, 2016:BR6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Surgery
Abbreviation	Surgery
ISSN (print)	0039-6060
Scope	Surgery