How to format your references using the Surgical Clinics of North America citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Surgical Clinics of North America (SUC). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Stroud CR Jr. Physics. Pas de deux for atomic electrons. Science 2004;303(5659):778–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

Lu Y, Conrad R. In situ stable isotope probing of methanogenic archaea in the rice rhizosphere. Science 2005;309(5737):1088–90.

A journal article with 3 authors

Shapiro JH, Venkatraman D, Wong FNC. Ghost imaging without discord. Sci Rep 2013;3:1849.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Donati J-F, Forveille T, Cameron AC, et al. The large-scale axisymmetric magnetic topology of a very-low-mass fully convective star. Science 2006;311(5761):633–5.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Burk F. Lebesgue Measure and Integration. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1997.

An edited book

Paulsen KD. Alternative Breast Imaging: Four Model-Based Approaches. vol. 778. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

Witte R, Zhang Y, Rilling J. Empowering Software Maintainers with Semantic Web Technologies. In: Franconi E, Kifer M, and May W, editors. The Semantic Web: Research and Applications: 4th European Semantic Web Conference, ESWC 2007, Innsbruck, Austria, June 3-7, 2007. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2007. pp. 37–52.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Surgical Clinics of North America.

Blog post

Andrew E. Liberia Announces New Ebola Death Since Country declared Free of the Disease. IFLScience. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/liberia-announces-new-ebola-death-country-declared-free-virus/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. National Airspace System: FAA Has Implemented Some Free Flight Initiatives, but Challenges Remain. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1998.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Warren JS. Trust in immediate supervisor, trust in top management, organizational trust precursors: Predictors of organizational effectiveness. Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Koblin J. Two Asian-American Actors in ‘Hawaii Five-0’ Depart. New York Times 2017:B5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Surgical Clinics of North America
Abbreviation	Surg. Clin. North Am.
ISSN (print)	0039-6109
ISSN (online)	1558-3171
Scope	Surgery