How to format your references using the Technology, Innovation and Education citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Technology, Innovation and Education. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Crutcher RM (2006) Astronomy. Testing star formation theory. Science 313:771–772

A journal article with 2 authors

Tibbetts EA, Dale J (2004) A socially enforced signal of quality in a paper wasp. Nature 432:218–222

A journal article with 3 authors

Marsh AG, Maxson RE Jr, Manahan DT (2001) High macromolecular synthesis with low metabolic cost in Antarctic sea urchin embryos. Science 291:1950–1952

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Ankrum JA, Dastidar RG, Ong JF, et al (2014) Performance-enhanced mesenchymal stem cells via intracellular delivery of steroids. Sci Rep 4:4645

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Lamperti JW (1996) Probability: A Survey of the Mathematical Theory. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Androulidakis I (2016) Industrial Espionage and Technical Surveillance Counter Measurers, 1st ed. 2016. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Sartori J, Kumar R (2010) Low-Overhead, High-Speed Multi-core Barrier Synchronization. In: Patt YN, Foglia P, Duesterwald E, et al. (eds) High Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers: 5th International Conference, HiPEAC 2010, Pisa, Italy, January 25-27, 2010. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 18–34

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Technology, Innovation and Education.

Blog post

Andrew D (2016) 11 Surprising Things That Your Physical Appearance Says About You. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/eleven-surprising-things-that-your-physical-appearance-says-about-you/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1999) Year 2000 Computing Challenge: OPM Has Made Progress on Business Continuity Planning. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Wood ED (2017) A Study of the Effect of Grouping Students and Results on the Ohio Achievement Assessment for Reading. Doctoral dissertation, Capella University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Saslow L (2007) L.I.R.R. Safety Campaign Under Way. New York Times LI2

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Crutcher 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Tibbetts and Dale 2004; Crutcher 2006).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Tibbetts and Dale 2004)
Three or more authors: (Ankrum et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Technology, Innovation and Education
Abbreviation	Technol. Innov. Educ.
ISSN (online)	2197-9855
Scope