How to format your references using the The Journal of Hand Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Journal of Hand Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Beacham TD. Comment on “rapid evolution of egg size in captive salmon.” Science. 2003;302(5642):59; discussion 59.

A journal article with 2 authors

Xiong W, Ferrell JE Jr. A positive-feedback-based bistable “memory module” that governs a cell fate decision. Nature. 2003;426(6965):460-465.

A journal article with 3 authors

Stairs IH, Lyne AG, Shemar SL. Evidence for free precession in a pulsar. Nature. 2000;406(6795):484-486.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Egger J, Kapur T, Fedorov A, et al. GBM volumetry using the 3D Slicer medical image computing platform. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1364.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Held G. Bulletproofing TCP/IP-Based Windows NT/2000 Networks. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2001.

An edited book

Shu K. CMOS PLL Synthesizers: Analysis and Design. Vol 783. (Sánchez-Sinencio E, ed.). Springer US; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

Gonçalves S, Dourado F, Rodrigues LR. Overview on Cell-Biomaterial Interactions. In: Puoci F, ed. Advanced Polymers in Medicine. Springer International Publishing; 2015:91-128.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Journal of Hand Surgery.

Blog post

Andrew E. What Drove The Evolution Of Male Sharks’ Genitals? IFLScience. May 1, 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Aviation Assistance: Compensation Criteria and Payment Equity under the Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2004.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Sokolov CK. Teacher Engagement In Grades 4-8. Doctoral dissertation. Pepperdine University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Shear MD, Weiland N. Trump Lawyer Denies Inquiry, Reversing Boss. New York Times. June 18, 2017:A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	The Journal of Hand Surgery
Abbreviation	J. Hand Surg. Am.
ISSN (print)	0363-5023
ISSN (online)	1531-6564
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery