How to format your references using the The Knee citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Knee. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Bignami G. Why we need space travel. Nature 2009;460:325.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Ewing RC, Macfarlane A. Nuclear waste. Yucca Mountain. Science 2002;296:659–60.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Richards-Dinger K, Stein RS, Toda S. Decay of aftershock density with distance does not indicate triggering by dynamic stress. Nature 2010;467:583–6.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

He L, Lu X-Y, Jolly AF, Eldridge AG, Watson SJ, Jackson PK, et al. Spongiform degeneration in mahoganoid mutant mice. Science 2003;299:710–2.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Bonneau D, Fatu A, Souchet D. Mixed Lubrication in Hydrodynamic Bearings. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2014.

An edited book

[1]

Bardos C, Fursikov A, editors. Instability in Models Connected with Fluid Flows II. vol. 7. New York, NY: Springer; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Ren F, Zhai J. Contemporary Demands for Science and Technology Communication and Popularization. In: Zhai J, editor. Communication and Popularization of Science and Technology in China, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014, p. 127–58.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Knee.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. Stem Cells May Hold The Key To Fixing A Mutated Gene That Causes Blindness. IFLScience 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. NASA’s Deep Space Network: Current Management Structure Is Not Conducive to Effectively Matching Resources with Future Requirements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2006.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Magner TJ. Performance and leadership in multiplayer online gaming. Doctoral dissertation. Pepperdine University, 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Kelly DA. Advice to Mileage Misers: Use the Hoard Now. New York Times 2006:TR6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	The Knee
Abbreviation	Knee
ISSN (print)	0968-0160
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine