How to format your references using the Tsaqafah citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Tsaqafah. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Baker, Monya. vol. 471, no. 7340. 2011, “Tissue models: a living system on a chip”, Nature. pp. 661–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

Nagib, David A. and David W.C. MacMillan. vol. 480, no. 7376. 2011, “Trifluoromethylation of arenes and heteroarenes by means of photoredox catalysis”, Nature. pp. 224–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

Di Matteo, Tiziana, Volker Springel, and Lars Hernquist. vol. 433, no. 7026. 2005, “Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies”, Nature. pp. 604–7.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Liu, Linfeng et al. vol. 3. 2013, “Improvement of thiolate/disulfide mediated dye-sensitized solar cells through supramolecular lithium cation assembling of crown ether”, Scientific reports. p. 2413.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Sellars, Carol. 2011, Risk Assessment in People with Learning Disabilities, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Weible, Christopher M. et al. (eds.). 2016, Policy Debates on Hydraulic Fracturing: Comparing Coalition Politics in North America and Europe, New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan US.

A chapter in an edited book

Sauer, Birgit and Edma Ajanovic. ed. by Gabriella Lazaridis, Giovanna Campani, and Annie Benveniste. 2016, “Hegemonic Discourses of Difference and Inequality: Right-Wing Organisations in Austria”, in The Rise of the Far Right in Europe: Populist Shifts and “Othering”, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 81–108.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Tsaqafah.

Blog post

Andrews, Robin. 5 Aug 2016, “World’s Oldest Orca Returns To Washington State Coast In ‘High Spirits’”, IFLScience, IFLScience. accessed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2006, Gas Pipeline Safety: Views on Proposed Legislation to Reauthorize Pipeline Safety Provisions, no. GAO-06-1027T, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Hutsell, James D. 2009, “School board members’ perception on their roles and responsibilities in developing policy that affects student achievement”, Doctoral dissertation, St. Charles, MO: Lindenwood University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Forsythe, Michael and Alexandra Stevenson. 30 May 2017, “Gadfly Nettles Chinese Elite From 5th Ave”, New York Times.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text

About the journal

Full journal title	Tsaqafah
Abbreviation	TSAQAFAH
ISSN (print)	1411-0334
ISSN (online)	2460-0008
Scope