How to format your references using the Vacuum citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Vacuum. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

S.D. Bartlett, Quantum computing: powered by magic, Nature 510 (2014) 345–347.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

R. Cameron, M. Schüssler, Solar physics. The crucial role of surface magnetic fields for the solar dynamo, Science 347 (2015) 1333–1335.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

L. Dethlefsen, M. McFall-Ngai, D.A. Relman, An ecological and evolutionary perspective on human-microbe mutualism and disease, Nature 449 (2007) 811–818.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

N. Kayagaki, S. Warming, M. Lamkanfi, L. Vande Walle, S. Louie, J. Dong, K. Newton, Y. Qu, J. Liu, S. Heldens, J. Zhang, W.P. Lee, M. Roose-Girma, V.M. Dixit, Non-canonical inflammasome activation targets caspase-11, Nature 479 (2011) 117–121.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

L. Marroni, I. Perdomo, Pricing and Hedging Financial Derivatives, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2013.

An edited book

[1]

O. Gervasi, B. Murgante, S. Misra, A.M.A.C. Rocha, C.M. Torre, D. Taniar, B.O. Apduhan, E. Stankova, S. Wang, eds., Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2016: 16th International Conference, Beijing, China, July 4-7, 2016, Proceedings, Part II, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

D. Endres, C. Fuest, C. Spengel, Tax Incentives in the Asia-Pacific Region, in: D. Endres, C. Fuest, C. Spengel (Eds.), Company Taxation in the Asia-Pacific Region, India, and Russia, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010: pp. 33–54.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Vacuum.

Blog post

[1]

R. Andrews, Researchers Can Now 3D Print Stem Cell “Building Blocks,” IFLScience (2015).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Corps of Engineers: Effects of Restrictions on Corps’ Hopper Dredges Should Be Comprehensively Analyzed, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2003.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

E.A. Xiao, Understanding Employment to Entrepreneurship Transitions among Women Working in the Tech Industry, Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

K. Whiteside, In Family’s Footsteps, Minor Takes Big Stage, New York Times (2017) B11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Vacuum
Abbreviation	Vacuum
ISSN (print)	0042-207X
Scope	Surfaces, Coatings and Films Condensed Matter Physics Instrumentation