How to format your references using the Viral Immunology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Viral Immunology (VIM). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Marek I. Chemistry. The Basics of Zinc Activation. Science 2009;326(5953):673–674.

A journal article with 2 authors

Chen M and Yan X. Comment on “Grain Boundary-Mediated Plasticity in Nanocrystalline Nickel.” Science 2005;308(5720):356; author reply 356.

A journal article with 3 authors

von Caemmerer S, Quick WP and Furbank RT. The Development of C₄rice: Current Progress and Future Challenges. Science 2012;336(6089):1671–1672.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Zeng Y, Lu G, Wang H, et al. Positive Temperature Coefficient Thermistors Based on Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites. Sci Rep 2014;4:6684.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Neupert R. French Animation History. Wiley-Blackwell: Oxford, UK; 2011.

An edited book

Granville A and Rudnick Z, (eds). Equidistribution in Number Theory, An Introduction. NATO Science Series. Springer Netherlands: Dordrecht; 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

Bădică A and Bădică C. Modeling Interactions in Agent-Based English Auctions with Matchmaking Capabilities. In: Intelligent Distributed Computing, Systems and Applications: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Intelligent Distributed Computing – IDC 2008, Catania, Italy, 2008. (Badica C, Mangioni G, Carchiolo V, et al. eds). Studies in Computational Intelligence Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg; 2008; pp. 45–54.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Viral Immunology.

Blog post

Andrew E. DNA Testing Now Mandatory in Kuwait. IFLScience; 2015. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/dna-testing-now-mandatory-kuwait/ [Last accessed: 10/30/2018].

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. District of Columbia: D.C. Public Schools Inappropriately Used Gas Utility Contract for Renovations. U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC; 2001.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Venter WM. People and Pride: A Qualitative Study of Place Attachment and Professional Placemakers. Doctoral dissertation. University of South Florida: Tampa, FL; 2016.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh MW and Schoenfeld A. Padded Pensions Add to New York Fiscal Woes. New York Times 2010;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Marek, 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Chen and Yan, 2005; Marek, 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Chen and Yan, 2005)
Three or more authors: (Zeng et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Viral Immunology
ISSN (print)	0882-8245
ISSN (online)	1557-8976
Scope