How to format your references using the Virtual Reality citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Virtual Reality. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

McMurray B (2007) Defusing the childhood vocabulary explosion. Science 317:631

A journal article with 2 authors

Gallotti R, Barthelemy M (2014) Anatomy and efficiency of urban multimodal mobility. Sci Rep 4:6911

A journal article with 3 authors

Yudkovsky N, Ranish JA, Hahn S (2000) A transcription reinitiation intermediate that is stabilized by activator. Nature 408:225–229

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Zhang Y, Li H, Zhao G, et al (2014) Hydrogen sulfide attenuates the recruitment of CD11b⁺Gr-1⁺ myeloid cells and regulates Bax/Bcl-2 signaling in myocardial ischemia injury. Sci Rep 4:4774

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Raheja DG, Allocco M (2006) Assurance Technologies Principles and Practices. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Fromm MF, Kim RB (eds) (2011) Drug Transporters. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Varekamp JC (2015) The Chemical Composition and Evolution of Volcanic Lakes. In: Rouwet D, Christenson B, Tassi F, Vandemeulebrouck J (eds) Volcanic Lakes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 93–123

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Virtual Reality.

Blog post

Andrews R (2016) First Direct Evidence That Zika Virus Causes Brain Damage. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1996) DOD Dependents Schools: Cost Issues Associated With the Special Education Program. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Maddirala RR (2010) Secure file transfers using mobile device. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Saslow L (2008) Megyn Kelly and Douglas Brunt. New York Times ST13

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (McMurray 2007).
This sentence cites two references (McMurray 2007; Gallotti and Barthelemy 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Gallotti and Barthelemy 2014)
Three or more authors: (Zhang et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Virtual Reality
Abbreviation	Virtual Real.
ISSN (print)	1359-4338
ISSN (online)	1434-9957
Scope	Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design Human-Computer Interaction Software