How to format your references using the Visual Journal of Emergency Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Visual Journal of Emergency Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Deweerdt S. Prevention: activity is the best medicine. Nature. 2011;475(7355):S16-7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Dotto GP, Cotsarelis G. Developmental biology. Rac1 up for epidermal stem cells. Science. 2005;309(5736):890-891.

A journal article with 3 authors

Gorb EV, Baum MJ, Gorb SN. Development and regeneration ability of the wax coverage in Nepenthes alata pitchers: a cryo-SEM approach. Sci Rep. 2013;3:3078.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Badyaev AV, Hill GE, Beck ML, et al. Sex-biased hatching order and adaptive population divergence in a passerine bird. Science. 2002;295(5553):316-318.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Simon L. Control of Biological and Drug-Delivery Systems for Chemical, Biomedical, and Pharmaceutical Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

Hameurlain A, Küng J, Wagner R, Böhm C, Eder J, Plant C, eds. Transactions on Large-Scale Data- and Knowledge-Centered Systems IV: Special Issue on Database Systems for Biomedical Applications. Vol 6990. Springer; 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

Baste J, Paul C, Sau I, Scornavacca C. Efficient FPT Algorithms for (Strict) Compatibility of Unrooted Phylogenetic Trees. In: Dondi R, Fertin G, Mauri G, eds. Algorithmic Aspects in Information and Management: 11th International Conference, AAIM 2016, Bergamo, Italy, July 18-20, 2016, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing; 2016:53-64.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Visual Journal of Emergency Medicine.

Blog post

Hale T. Two Of The World’s Rarest Tigers Have Been Born At London Zoo. IFLScience. July 1, 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. OMB Needs To More Fully Consider Government-Wide Implications in Its Telecommunications Initiatives. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1984.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Herrera K. Improved Transportation for Older Adult Volunteers: A Grant Proposal. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

St. John Kelly E. Rain Dates: The Action Goes Indoors. New York Times. November 14, 1993:1315.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Visual Journal of Emergency Medicine
Abbreviation	Vis. J. Emerg. Med.
ISSN (print)	2405-4690
Scope	Emergency Medicine