How to format your references using the Visual Studies citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Visual Studies. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Widder, E. A. 2010. “Bioluminescence in the Ocean: Origins of Biological, Chemical, and Ecological Diversity.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 328 (5979): 704–708.

A journal article with 2 authors

Sacco, Tiziana, and Benedetto Sacchetti. 2010. “Role of Secondary Sensory Cortices in Emotional Memory Storage and Retrieval in Rats.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 329 (5992): 649–656.

A journal article with 3 authors

Glazier, Anne M., Joseph H. Nadeau, and Timothy J. Aitman. 2002. “Finding Genes That Underlie Complex Traits.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 298 (5602): 2345–2349.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Barrick, Jeffrey E., Dong Su Yu, Sung Ho Yoon, Haeyoung Jeong, Tae Kwang Oh, Dominique Schneider, Richard E. Lenski, and Jihyun F. Kim. 2009. “Genome Evolution and Adaptation in a Long-Term Experiment with Escherichia Coli.” Nature 461 (7268): 1243–1247.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Pandrea, Nicolae, and Nicolae-Doru Stănescu. 2015. Dynamics of the Rigid Solid with General Constraints by a Multibody Approach. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Baliga, Ragavendra R., and Garrie J. Haas, eds. 2015. Management of Heart Failure: Volume 1: Medical. 2nd ed. 2015. London: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Ceyhan, Özgür. 2010. “Towards Quantum Cohomology of Real Varieties.” In Arithmetic and Geometry Around Quantization, edited by Özgür Ceyhan, Yu I. Manin, and Matilde Marcolli, 65–99. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Visual Studies.

Blog post

Luntz, Stephen. 2017. “Gluten-Destroying Drug Succeeds In Early Trial.” IFLScience, IFLScience, January 23. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/gluten-destroying-drug-succeeds-in-early-trial/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2016. Special Education: State and Local-Imposed Requirements Complicate Federal Efforts to Reduce Administrative Burden. GAO-16-25. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Sitterding, Mary Cathryn. 2014. “Situation Awareness and the Selection of Interruption Handling Strategies during the Medication Administration Process: A Qualitative Study.” Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

(nyt), Sophia Kishkovsky. 2002. “World Briefing | Europe: Moldova: Opposition Politician Missing.” New York Times, March 27, 2002.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Widder 2010).
This sentence cites two references (Widder 2010; Sacco and Sacchetti 2010).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Sacco and Sacchetti 2010)
Three authors: (Glazier, Nadeau, and Aitman 2002)
4 or more authors: (Barrick et al. 2009)

About the journal

Full journal title	Visual Studies
Abbreviation	Vis. Stud.
ISSN (print)	1472-586X
ISSN (online)	1472-5878
Scope	Visual Arts and Performing Arts Anthropology Cultural Studies