How to format your references using the Western Journal of Emergency Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Müller A. Chemistry. The beauty of symmetry. Science. 2003;300(5620):749-750.

A journal article with 2 authors

Giardina CP and Ryan MG. Evidence that decomposition rates of organic carbon in mineral soil do not vary with temperature. Nature. 2000;404(6780):858-861.

A journal article with 3 authors

Rafkin SCR, Sta Maria MRV, and Michaels TI. Simulation of the atmospheric thermal circulation of a martian volcano using a mesoscale numerical model. Nature. 2002;419(6908):697-699.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Stoll S, Delon J, Brotz TM, et al. Dynamic imaging of T cell-dendritic cell interactions in lymph nodes. Science. 2002;296(5574):1873-1876.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Early WF II. Contractor and Client Relations to Assure Process Safety. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.

An edited book

Bosch TCG. The Holobiont Imperative: Perspectives from Early Emerging Animals. 1st ed. 2016. (Miller DJ, ed.). Vienna: Springer; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Wang S, Agrawal D, and El Abbadi A. A Comprehensive Framework for Secure Query Processing on Relational Data in the Cloud. In: Jonker W, Petković M, eds. Secure Data Management: 8th VLDB Workshop, SDM 2011, Seattle, WA, USA, September 2, 2011, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011:52-69.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Western Journal of Emergency Medicine.

Blog post

Andrews R. This Weekend’s Italian Earthquake Shattered Part Of A Mountain. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Highway Bridges: Major Projects Present Challenges for States, but Strategies Exist to Overcome Them. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2017.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Rajendran N. Assessment of upper extremity strength, power, and flexibility characteristics of college-aged male and female students. 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Protess B and Ivory D. Bill to Weaken Dodd-Frank’s Rules on Private Equity Nears House Vote. New York Times. September 8, 2016:B3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
ISSN (print)	1936-900X
ISSN (online)	1936-9018
Scope