How to format your references using the World Development citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for World Development. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Bullock, R. M. (2013). Chemistry. Abundant metals give precious hydrogenation performance. Science (New York, N.Y.), 342(6162), 1054–1055.

A journal article with 2 authors

Reynolds, J. D., & Freckleton, R. P. (2005). Ecology. Population dynamics: growing to extremes. Science (New York, N.Y.), 309(5734), 567–568.

A journal article with 3 authors

Alvarado, D., Klein, D. E., & Lemmon, M. A. (2009). ErbB2 resembles an autoinhibited invertebrate epidermal growth factor receptor. Nature, 461(7261), 287–291.

A journal article with 21 or more authors

Tzima, E., Irani-Tehrani, M., Kiosses, W. B., Dejana, E., Schultz, D. A., Engelhardt, B., Cao, G., DeLisser, H., & Schwartz, M. A. (2005). A mechanosensory complex that mediates the endothelial cell response to fluid shear stress. Nature, 437(7057), 426–431.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Benslama, M., Kiamouche, W., & Batatia, H. (2015). Connections Management Strategies in Satellite Cellular Networks. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Engels, G., Lewerentz, C., Schäfer, W., Schürr, A., & Westfechtel, B. (Eds.). (2010). Graph Transformations and Model-Driven Engineering: Essays Dedicated to Manfred Nagl on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday (Vol. 5765). Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Dubois, D. (2010). Degrees of Truth, Ill-Known Sets and Contradiction. In B. Bouchon-Meunier, L. Magdalena, M. Ojeda-Aciego, J.-L. Verdegay, & R. R. Yager (Eds.), Foundations of Reasoning under Uncertainty (pp. 65–83). Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for World Development.

Blog post

Andrew, E. (2015, March 23). Why Some People Have Sex For Science. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/why-some-people-have-sex-science/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1989). Drug Testing: Management Problems and Legal Challenges Facing DOT’s Industry Programs (RCED-90-31). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Murdock, J. M. (2017). Lethe and the Twin Bodhisattvas of Forgiveness and Forgetfulness [Doctoral dissertation]. Pacifica Graduate Institute.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Carlson, L. (2012, October 12). First the Proposal, Then Remodeling. New York Times, ST6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Bullock, 2013).
This sentence cites two references (Bullock, 2013; Reynolds & Freckleton, 2005).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Reynolds & Freckleton, 2005)
Three or more authors: (Tzima et al., 2005)

About the journal

Full journal title	World Development
Abbreviation	World Dev.
ISSN (print)	0305-750X
Scope	Economics and Econometrics Development Geography, Planning and Development Sociology and Political Science