How to format your references using the Yakuzai Ekigaku (Japanese Journal of Pharmacoepidemiology) citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Yakuzai Ekigaku (Japanese Journal of Pharmacoepidemiology). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Birney E. The making of ENCODE: Lessons for big-data projects. Nature. 2012 Sep 6;489(7414):49–51.

A journal article with 2 authors

Wang LV, Hu S. Photoacoustic tomography: in vivo imaging from organelles to organs. Science. 2012 Mar 23;335(6075):1458–62.

A journal article with 3 authors

Cho Y, Lee JB, Hong J. Controlled release of an anti-cancer drug from DNA structured nano-films. Sci Rep. 2014 Feb 12;4:4078.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Penjor T, Mimura T, Matsumoto R, Yamamoto M, Nagano Y. Characterization of limes (Citrus aurantifolia) grown in Bhutan and Indonesia using high-throughput sequencing. Sci Rep. 2014 Apr 30;4:4853.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Neupert R. French Animation History. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.

An edited book

Müller-Olm M, Seidl H, editors. Static Analysis: 21st International Symposium, SAS 2014, Munich, Germany, September 11-13, 2014. Proceedings. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014. XVIII, 337 p. 97 illus. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; vol. 8723).

A chapter in an edited book

Secchi C, Olmi R, Fantuzzi C, Casarini M. TRAFCON – Traffic Control of AGVs in Automatic Warehouses. In: Röhrbein F, Veiga G, Natale C, editors. Gearing up and accelerating cross‐fertilization between academic and industrial robotics research in Europe: Technology transfer experiments from the ECHORD project. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014. p. 85–105. (Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Yakuzai Ekigaku (Japanese Journal of Pharmacoepidemiology).

Blog post

Andrews R. DARPA Is Building Jazz-Playing Robots. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Organization Conflict of Interest. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1976 Sep. Report No.: B-178205.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Pei X. Acid modification of psyllium [Doctoral dissertation]. [College Park, MD]: University of Maryland, College Park; 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Grynbaum MM. Writing Partner ‘Flabbergasted’ By Accusations Against Halperin. New York Times. 2017 Oct 31;B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Yakuzai Ekigaku (Japanese Journal of Pharmacoepidemiology)
ISSN (print)	1342-0445
ISSN (online)	1882-790X
Scope