How to format your references using the African Zoology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for African Zoology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

BERTOLA, F. 2002. Astronomy. Putting galaxies on the scale. Science (New York, N.Y.) 295:283–284.

A journal article with 2 authors

GRAHAM, L. A. & DAVIES, P. L. 2005. Glycine-rich antifreeze proteins from snow fleas. Science (New York, N.Y.) 310:461.

A journal article with 3 authors

NEALE, M. J., PAN, J. & KEENEY, S. 2005. Endonucleolytic processing of covalent protein-linked DNA double-strand breaks. Nature 436:1053–1057.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

MERILES, C. A., SAKELLARIOU, D., HEISE, H., MOULE, A. J. & PINES, A. 2001. Approach to high-resolution ex situ NMR spectroscopy. Science (New York, N.Y.) 293:82–85.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

BRILLSON, L. J. 2016. An Essential Guide to Electronic Material Surfaces and Interfaces. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

PECHARSKY, V. K. 2009. Fundamentals of Powder Diffraction and Structural Characterization of Materials. P. (P. Y. Zavalij, Ed.). Springer US, Boston, MA. XXIV, 744 p pp.

A chapter in an edited book

BEN MESKINA, S., DOGGAZ, N. & KHALGUI, M. 2015. An Efficient Reconfiguration-Based Approach for Improving Smart Grid Performance. Pp. 42–55 in Fujita, H. & Guizzi, G. (eds.). Intelligent Software Methodologies, Tools and Techniques: 14th International Conference, SoMet 2015, Naples, Italy, September 15-17, 2015. Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for African Zoology.

Blog post

CARPINETI, A. 2015, October 5. NASA Set To Launch Swarm of Laser-Guided Cube Satellites. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE. 1984. New Directions for Federal Programs To Aid Mathematics and Science Teaching. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

BECKER, L. A. 2010. Noncredit to credit transitions: The role of cultural capital and habitus for adult immigrant learners in the community college. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

MURPHY, M. J. O. 2016, March 4. Friday File: A Look at the Golden Age for Oscar-Nominated Newspaper Movies. New York Times:C24.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Bertola 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Bertola 2002, Graham & Davies 2005).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Graham & Davies 2005)
Three or more authors: (Meriles et al. 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	African Zoology
Abbreviation	Afr. Zool.
ISSN (print)	1562-7020
ISSN (online)	2224-073X
Scope	Animal Science and Zoology